How to calculate relative fitness is not a complicated topic to understand. There are three components of fitness which are strength, size and frequency. Fitness is a sum which evaluates the ability of an individual organism or machine to reproduce given inputs such as food, oxygen and time. Fitness then is equal to the rate of gene mutation X when the DNA of an individual organism is compared with that of an evolved state. The study of gene function and mutation is called genomics.
Most studies focus on the studies of humans. Studies on other organisms can be informative but are often more complicated to analyze than human studies. One example is comparing different strains of bacteria which do not share any genetic drift and trying to determine whether or not they are able to tolerate one another. In this study the researchers would have to assume the existence of natural selection between the strains, in order to generate a conclusion regarding the viability of the various strains.
Another example is testing different breeds of dogs for their cold tolerance, versus other breeds. If the results are different from expected, there is possible evidence for natural selection n (i.e. the favored allele) and subsequent evolution within the species. It is therefore important to test different dog breeds under controlled conditions, since the results may be affected by sample preparation, diet and environmental conditions.
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Relative fitness can also be evaluated between human admixtures. For example, a recent study indicates the origin of HIV and many of its subtypes within a European ancestry group. Testing people from that ancestry will yield individuals carrying the preferred variant of the HIV virus, while other people will carry the non-favored variant, or the HIV negative genetic marker, or possibly no variant at all.
The study tested both males and females from four different ethnic backgrounds, in order to determine whether there was a genetic relationship between genetic variants and disease status. The results showed a strong genetic effect of the APLPV gene, significantly increasing the probability of HIV if the person carrying the variant was HIV positive. Similarly, the CYP1 gene was found to have an effect on cystic fibrosis n selection, increasing the probability of the condition in those carriers of the genetic trait who possess the disorder. This study also confirmed that the frequency of the APLPV gene mutation was higher in Ashkenazi Jews, compared to other ethnic groups. It is believed to be due to higher Jewish immigration to the country during the years of World War II. Of note is that it was found only in those carriers of the CYP1 gene, and not in carriers of the HIV gene, the common variation.
When considering the question of relative fitness, several other considerations must be taken into account. One factor is the age of the parents or grandparents, since their ages will affect the relative fitness of their offspring. The second is the health history of the parents or grandparents, since the health history of an individual can greatly influence his relative fitness. Children are also a source of genetic variation, since they are the product of their parents’ and grandparents’ efforts to pass on the appropriate genes for their offspring. Thus, even though sibling relationship tests provide a measure of familial resemblance, they cannot assess absolute familial resemblance.
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Furthermore, there are many environmental variables that can impact an individual’s relative fitness. A person’s height and weight can greatly influence relative muscular strength, whereas his education level and occupation can have a big impact on emotional intensity and cognitive ability. In addition, body composition and muscle size, as reflected by body mass index (BMI), can greatly affect an individual’s relative fitness. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to conduct a true genetic test of relative fitness, because so many other factors are involved in determining an individual’s true fitness.
There are many reasons why someone might want to know how to calculate his or her relative fitness. If you are considering hiring someone to work with you in your business, it is a good idea to know his or her relative fitness level. You may want to hire someone with low BMI but high strength, or vice versa. If you are a parent trying to raise your children and you suspect your child may not have what it takes, you may want to consider a relative fitness test to ensure that your child will be physically strong and emotionally stable as he or she grows up.
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